From a000308104aab27c2dde9a306f1bc654b2db4806 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Yuchen Pei <me@ypei.me>
Date: Wed, 29 Nov 2017 12:30:41 +0100
Subject: first commit
---
.../FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.cmp | 2 +
.../FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.tst | 18 ++
.../FibonacciElement/FibonacciElementVME.tst | 17 ++
projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Main.vm | 30 ++
projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Sys.vm | 15 +
.../08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.cmp | 2 +
.../08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html | 196 +++++++++++++
.../08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.tst | 65 +++++
.../FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallStack.html | 306 +++++++++++++++++++++
.../08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallVME.tst | 70 +++++
projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/Sys.vm | 63 +++++
.../SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.cmp | 2 +
.../SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.tst | 29 ++
.../FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.vm | 16 ++
.../SimpleFunction/SimpleFunctionVME.tst | 29 ++
projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class1.vm | 20 ++
projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class2.vm | 20 ++
.../08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.cmp | 2 +
.../08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.tst | 17 ++
.../FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTestVME.tst | 17 ++
projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Sys.vm | 20 ++
projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.cmp | 2 +
projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.tst | 20 ++
projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.vm | 22 ++
projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoopVME.tst | 20 ++
.../FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.cmp | 2 +
.../FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.tst | 22 ++
.../ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.vm | 49 ++++
.../FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeriesVME.tst | 22 ++
29 files changed, 1115 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.cmp
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElementVME.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Main.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Sys.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.cmp
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallStack.html
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallVME.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/Sys.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.cmp
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunctionVME.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class1.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class2.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.cmp
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTestVME.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Sys.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.cmp
create mode 100644 projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoopVME.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.cmp
create mode 100644 projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.tst
create mode 100644 projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.vm
create mode 100644 projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeriesVME.tst
(limited to 'projects/08')
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.cmp b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.cmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d667834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.cmp
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| RAM[0] |RAM[261]|
+| 262 | 3 |
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.tst b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f907b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElement.tst
+
+// FibonacciElement.asm results from translating both Main.vm and Sys.vm into
+// a single assembly program, stored in the file FibonacciElement.asm.
+
+load FibonacciElement.asm,
+output-file FibonacciElement.out,
+compare-to FibonacciElement.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[261]%D1.6.1;
+
+repeat 6000 {
+ ticktock;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElementVME.tst b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElementVME.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87c0920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElementVME.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/FibonacciElementVME.tst
+
+load, // Load all the VM files from the current directory
+output-file FibonacciElement.out,
+compare-to FibonacciElement.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[261]%D1.6.1;
+
+set sp 261,
+
+repeat 110 {
+ vmstep;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Main.vm b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Main.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55e5ad2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Main.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Main.vm
+
+// Computes the n'th element of the Fibonacci series, recursively.
+// n is given in argument[0]. Called by the Sys.init function
+// (part of the Sys.vm file), which also pushes the argument[0]
+// parameter before this code starts running.
+
+function Main.fibonacci 0
+push argument 0
+push constant 2
+lt // checks if n<2
+if-goto IF_TRUE
+goto IF_FALSE
+label IF_TRUE // if n<2, return n
+push argument 0
+return
+label IF_FALSE // if n>=2, returns fib(n-2)+fib(n-1)
+push argument 0
+push constant 2
+sub
+call Main.fibonacci 1 // computes fib(n-2)
+push argument 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+call Main.fibonacci 1 // computes fib(n-1)
+add // returns fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+return
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Sys.vm b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Sys.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3965c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Sys.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/FibonacciElement/Sys.vm
+
+// Pushes a constant, say n, onto the stack, and calls the Main.fibonacii
+// function, which computes the n'th element of the Fibonacci series.
+// Note that by convention, the Sys.init function is called "automatically"
+// by the bootstrap code.
+
+function Sys.init 0
+push constant 4
+call Main.fibonacci 1 // computes the 4'th fibonacci element
+label WHILE
+goto WHILE // loops infinitely
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.cmp b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.cmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9200202
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.cmp
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| RAM[0] | RAM[1] | RAM[2] | RAM[3] | RAM[4] | RAM[5] | RAM[6] |
+| 261 | 261 | 256 | 4000 | 5000 | 135 | 246 |
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0821f9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+ <title>NestedCall.tst — Nand2Tetris Calling Convention Test</title>
+ <style type="text/css">
+ .code {font-family:"Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size:90%;}
+ pre {margin-left:2em;}
+ </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
+<h3>Synopsis</h3>
+<b>NestedCall.tst</b> is an intermediate test (in terms of complexity) intended to be used between the SimpleFunction and
+FibonacciElement tests. It may be useful when SimpleFunction passes but FibonacciElement fails or crashes. NestedCall also
+tests several requirements of the Function Calling Protocol that are not verified by the other
+supplied tests. NestedCall can be used with or without the VM bootstrap code.
+<p>
+<b>NestedCallVME.tst</b> runs the same test on the VM Emulator.
+<p>
+<b>The NestedCall</b> tests and supporting documentation were written by Mark Armbrust.
+
+<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
+<h3>Test Structure</h3>
+<h4>Startup</h4>
+NestedCall is implemented entirely within the Sys.vm file. The first function in Sys.vm is
+Sys.init(). This allows it to be used before the bootstrap code has been added to the VM Translator
+since there will be no file processing order issues.
+<p>
+NestedCall loads Sys.asm, sets up the stack to simulate the bootstrap's call to Sys.init(), then
+begins execution at the beginning of Sys.asm. If the bootstrap is not present, the program begins
+running with Sys.init() since it is the first function in Sys.vm.
+<p>
+If Sys.asm includes the bootstrap, the bootstrap will (re)initialize the stack and call Sys.init(),
+so the test should see the same environment either way it gets to Sys.init().
+<p>
+The test setup also initializes the
+
+<h4>Sys.init()</h4>
+
+<span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> are set to known values so that context save and restore can be tested.
+<p>
+Sys.init() calls Sys.main() and stores the return value in <span class="code">temp 1</span>. This tests call to and
+return from a function with no arguments.
+
+<h4>Sys.main()</h4>
+Sys.init() allocates 5 local variables. It sets <span class="code">local 1</span>, <span class="code">local 2</span> and
+<span class="code">local 3</span>. <span class="code">local 0</span> and <span class="code">local 4</span> are intentionally not set.
+<p>
+<span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> are changed so that context save and restore can be tested.
+<p>
+Sys.main() calls Sys.add12(123) and stores the return value in <span class="code">temp 0</span>. This tests call to and
+return from a function with arguments.
+<p>
+After Sys.add12() returns, Sys.main() sums <span class="code">local 0</span> through <span class="code">local 4</span> and returns the
+result. This tests that the local segment was properly allocated on the stack and that the local
+variables were not overwritten by the call to Sys.main(). It also tests that <span class="code">local 0</span> and
+<span class="code">local 4</span> were properly initialized to 0.
+
+<h4>Sys.add12()</h4>
+
+<span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> are set to known values so that context save and restore can be tested.
+<p>
+Returns <span class="code">argument 0</span> plus 12.
+
+<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
+<h3>Test Coverage</h3>
+
+<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;">
+Functions with no arguments return to correct RIP (Return Instruction Point) with correct return value on stack.<br>
+This can fail if the RIP is not correctly pushed on the stack by the calling code, or if the returning
+code does not store the RIP in a temporary register before overwriting it with the return value.
+
+<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;">
+Functions with arguments return to correct RIP with correct return value on stack.<br>
+This can fail if it is assumed that <span class="code">ARG</span> points to the RIP.
+
+<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;">
+Functions with local variables allocate space on the stack for the local variables.<br>
+This can fail if the function prologue is not written or if the SP is not updated after zeroing
+the local variables.
+
+<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;">
+All local variables are initialized to 0.<br>
+Common errors are to forget this completely, or for the zeroing loop to be off by one.
+
+<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;">
+<span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> are correctly retained across function calls. Looking ahead, in Project 9 you will be asked to write a simple computer game in the high-level Jack language. You can run your game (following compilation) on the supplied VM Emulator. But, if you choose to translate the VM code that the compiler generates using <em>your</em> VM Translator, then code like
+"<span class="code">push THIS</span>, <span class="code">push THAT</span> ... <span class="code">pop THIS</span>, <span class="code">pop THAT</span>" can cause some interesting failures!
+
+<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
+<h3>Debugging</h3>
+These comments assume that your VM translator has passed the SimpleFunction test.
+<p>
+If <span class="code">RAM[0]</span> is incorrect, you have a stack skew. More data was pushed onto the stack by
+<span class="code">call</span> than was popped by <span class="code">return</span>, or vice versa. See <i>debugging with
+breakpoints</i> later in this section.
+<p>
+If one or more of <span class="code">RAM[1]</span> through <span class="code">RAM[4]</span> is incorrect, the <span class="code">LCL</span>,
+<span class="code">ARG</span>, <span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> pointers are not being correctly saved or restored.
+Most likely problem is when they are being saved; the SimpleFunction test verified that
+<span class="code">return</span> restored them correctly.
+<p>
+If <span class="code">RAM[5]</span> is incorrect there may be a problem with setting up the <span class="code">ARG</span> pointer.
+<p>
+If <span class="code">RAM[4]</span> is incorrect and <span class="code">RAM[5]</span> is correct, there may be a problem with
+allocation or initialization of local variables.
+
+<h4>Debugging with breakpoints</h4>
+
+To find tough bugs you can use the "breakpoint" facility in the CPU Emulator (red flag button).
+You can use breakpoints to have you program stop when it gets to a particular RAM address. For
+example:<br>
+ • load the NestedCall.tst file,<br>
+ • set a PC breakpoint at the ROM address for <span class="code">(Sys.main)</span>,<br>
+ • hit the run button.<br>
+When the CPU Emulator stops at the breakpoint you can inspect the RAM to check the stack and pointers values.
+(If the breakpoint isn't hit, you will need to to single-step debug through
+your calling code to see why it didn't get there.)
+<p>
+Other useful places to set breakpoints are the entry points to the other functions and at the
+first and final instructions generated for <span class="code">return</span> commands.
+<p>
+<a href="NestedCallStack.html">NestedCallStack.html</a> shows the expected stack values at various points
+during the test.
+
+<h4>Finding ROM address in your ASM code</h4>
+It is not easy to find the ROM locations where you want to set breakpoints, because there is no
+one-to-one correspondence between the ASM file line numbers and the ROM addresses. This is made even more
+difficult because the supplied CPU Emulator does not display the (LABELS) in its ROM panel.
+<p>
+There are two things that you can do to make this easier.
+<p>
+<h5>Modify your assembler to generate a listing file.</h5>
+A listing file shows all the ASM source lines, including comments, as well as the ROM addresses and
+the values of the labels and the instructions. For example, here is a snippet of a listing file generated by an assembler written by Mark Armbrust:
+<pre>
+ 20 16 @i // i -= 1
+ 21 FC88 M=M-1
+
+ 22 FC10 D=M // if i > 0
+ 23 6 @LOOP
+ 24 E301 D;JGT // goto LOOP
+
+ 25 (STOP)
+ 25 25 @STOP
+ 26 EA87 0;JMP
+
+Data Symbols
+
+ 16 D i
+
+Code Symbols
+
+ 6 C LOOP
+ 17 C SKIP
+ 25 C STOP
+</pre>
+For the Nand2Tetris environment, it is most useful to list the ROM addresses and A-instruction
+values in decimal. In the above snippet, the C-instruction values are
+listed in hexadecimal.
+<p>
+The list file is generated during pass 2 of the Assembler, parallel to generating the .hack file. To
+make it easier to handle blank and comment only lines, Mark has Parser.commandType() return
+NO_COMMAND for source lines with no command. Mark also added Parser.sourceLine() that returns the
+unmodified source line.
+<p>
+<h5>Have your VM Translator write the VM source lines as comments in the ASM output.</h5>
+For example:
+<pre>
+ // label LOOP
+(Sys.init$LOOP)
+ // goto LOOP
+@Sys.init$LOOP
+0;JMP
+ //
+ // // Sys.main()
+ //
+ // // Sets locals 1, 2 and 3, leaving locals 0 and 4 unchanged to test
+ // // default local initialization to 0. (RAM set to -1 by test setup.)
+ // // Calls Sys.add12(123) and stores return value (135) in temp 0.
+ // // Returns local 0 + local 1 + local 2 + local 3 + local 4 (456) to confirm
+ // // that locals were not mangled by function call.
+ //
+ // function Sys.main 5
+(Sys.main)
+@5
+D=-A
+($3)
+@SP
+</pre>
+Note that comments in the VM source become double comments. Looking ahead, in Project 11 you will be asked to write a compiler for the Jack language. If your compiler will write the Jack source lines as comments in the
+generated VM files, this convention will be quite useful.
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.tst b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70e5523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Test file for NestedCall test.
+
+load NestedCall.asm,
+output-file NestedCall.out,
+compare-to NestedCall.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[1]%D1.6.1 RAM[2]%D1.6.1 RAM[3]%D1.6.1 RAM[4]%D1.6.1 RAM[5]%D1.6.1 RAM[6]%D1.6.1;
+
+set RAM[0] 261,
+set RAM[1] 261,
+set RAM[2] 256,
+set RAM[3] -3,
+set RAM[4] -4,
+set RAM[5] -1, // test results
+set RAM[6] -1,
+set RAM[256] 1234, // fake stack frame from call Sys.init
+set RAM[257] -1,
+set RAM[258] -2,
+set RAM[259] -3,
+set RAM[260] -4,
+
+set RAM[261] -1, // Initialize stack to check for local segment
+set RAM[262] -1, // being cleared to zero.
+set RAM[263] -1,
+set RAM[264] -1,
+set RAM[265] -1,
+set RAM[266] -1,
+set RAM[267] -1,
+set RAM[268] -1,
+set RAM[269] -1,
+set RAM[270] -1,
+set RAM[271] -1,
+set RAM[272] -1,
+set RAM[273] -1,
+set RAM[274] -1,
+set RAM[275] -1,
+set RAM[276] -1,
+set RAM[277] -1,
+set RAM[278] -1,
+set RAM[279] -1,
+set RAM[280] -1,
+set RAM[281] -1,
+set RAM[282] -1,
+set RAM[283] -1,
+set RAM[284] -1,
+set RAM[285] -1,
+set RAM[286] -1,
+set RAM[287] -1,
+set RAM[288] -1,
+set RAM[289] -1,
+set RAM[290] -1,
+set RAM[291] -1,
+set RAM[292] -1,
+set RAM[293] -1,
+set RAM[294] -1,
+set RAM[295] -1,
+set RAM[296] -1,
+set RAM[297] -1,
+set RAM[298] -1,
+set RAM[299] -1,
+
+repeat 4000 {
+ ticktock;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallStack.html b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallStack.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70582b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallStack.html
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+<head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
+ <title>NestedCall.tst — Stack Frames</title>
+ <style type="text/css">
+ .stack {border-collapse:collapse; font-size:80%;}
+ .stack td {padding-left:.25em;padding-right:.25em;white-space:nowrap;}
+ .stack td:first-child {text-align:right;}
+ .stack td:first-child + td {text-align:right;}
+ .stack td:first-child + td + td {text-align:left;}
+ .stack td:first-child + td + td + td {text-align:left;}
+ .stack .reg {border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid;}
+ .stack .reg th {border:1px solid;}
+ .stack .stack {border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid;}
+ .stack .stack th {border:1px solid;}
+ .stack .tos {border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;}
+ .stack .frame {border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid;}
+ .stack .frame td:first-child + td {border-left:1px solid;}
+ .stack .frame td:first-child + td + td {border-right:1px solid;}
+ .stack .framet {border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid;}
+ .stack .framet td:first-child + td {border-left:1px solid;border-top:1px solid;}
+ .stack .framet td:first-child + td + td {border-right:1px solid;border-top:1px solid;}
+ .stack .bframe {border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid;}
+ .stack .bframe td:first-child + td {border-left:2px solid;}
+ .stack .bframe td:first-child + td + td {border-right:2px solid;}
+ .stack .bframet {border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid;}
+ .stack .bframet td:first-child + td {border-left:2px solid;border-top:2px solid;}
+ .stack .bframet td:first-child + td + td {border-right:2px solid;border-top:2px solid;}
+ .stack .bframeb {border-left:1px solid; border-right:1px solid;}
+ .stack .bframeb td:first-child + td {border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;}
+ .stack .bframeb td:first-child + td + td {border-right:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;}
+ .stack .note td {padding-left:.5em;padding-right:.5em;white-space:normal;text-align:justify;}
+ .stack .fid {font-style:italic}
+ .master {width: 10%;}
+ .master td {vertical-align:top;padding-right:.5em; }
+ </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
+<table class="master">
+<tr>
+ <td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">Bootstrap init</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>256</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>-1</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>-2</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>-3</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>-4</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>256</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←SP</td></tr>
+ <tr class="note"><td colspan="4"><br>
+ This is how my boot­strap code initial­izes the pointers before calling Sys.init().
+ <p>
+ Setting the LCL, ARG, THIS and THAT point­ers to known illegal values helps identify
+ when a pointer is used before it is initial­ized.
+ <p>
+ (If you are running the NestedCall test with­out boot­strap code, you will not see this state.)</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td><td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">Entry to Sys.init()</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>261</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>261</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>256</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>-3</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>-4</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>261</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←LCL, SP</td></tr>
+ <tr class="note"><td colspan="4"><br>
+ This is how NestedCall.tst initial­izes the pointers and stack. This is what RAM looks
+ like after my boot­strap calls Sys.init().
+ <p>
+ (If your VM trans­lation includes the boot­strap, the -1 through -4 values may be
+ different if your boot­strap initial­izes them.)</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td><td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">Entry to Sys.main()</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>266</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>266</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>261</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>4000</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>5000</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="framet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>261</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>262</td><td>261</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>263</td><td>256</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.main</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>264</td><td>4000</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>265</td><td>5000</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>266</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←LCL, SP</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td><td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">After Sys.main() prologue</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>271</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>266</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>261</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>4000</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>5000</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="framet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>261</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>262</td><td>261</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>263</td><td>256</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.main</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>264</td><td>4000</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>265</td><td>5000</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>266</td><td>0</td><td>local 0</td><td>←LCL</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>267</td><td>0</td><td>local 1</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>268</td><td>0</td><td>local 2</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>269</td><td>0</td><td>local 3</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>270</td><td>0</td><td>local 4</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>271</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←SP</td></tr>
+ <tr class="note"><td colspan="4"><br>
+ The <i>function prologue</i> is the assembly language code generated for the
+ "function" VM command.
+ </table>
+ </td><td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">Entry to Sys.add12(123)</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>277</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>277</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>271</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>4001</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>5001</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="framet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="framet"><td>261</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>262</td><td>261</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>263</td><td>256</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.main</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>264</td><td>4000</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>265</td><td>5000</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>266</td><td>0</td><td>local 0</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>267</td><td>200</td><td>local 1</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>268</td><td>40</td><td>local 2</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>269</td><td>6</td><td>local 3</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>270</td><td>0</td><td>local 4</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>271</td><td>123</td><td>argument 0</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>272</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>273</td><td>266</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td class="fid">Sys.add12</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>274</td><td>261</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>275</td><td>4001</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>276</td><td>5001</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>277</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←LCL, SP</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<p>
+
+<table class="master">
+<tr>
+ <td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">Before Sys.add12() return</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>278</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>277</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>271</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>4002</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>5002</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="framet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="framet"><td>261</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>262</td><td>261</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>263</td><td>256</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.main</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>264</td><td>4000</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>265</td><td>5000</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>266</td><td>0</td><td>local 0</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>267</td><td>200</td><td>local 1</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>268</td><td>40</td><td>local 2</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>269</td><td>6</td><td>local 3</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>270</td><td>0</td><td>local 4</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>271</td><td>123</td><td>argument 0</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>272</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>273</td><td>266</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td class="fid">Sys.add12</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>274</td><td>261</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>275</td><td>4001</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>276</td><td>5001</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>277</td><td>135</td><td>Return value</td><td>←LCL</td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>278</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←SP</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td><td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">After Sys.add12() return</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>272</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>266</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>261</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>4001</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>5001</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="framet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>261</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>262</td><td>261</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>263</td><td>256</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.main</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>264</td><td>4000</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>265</td><td>5000</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>266</td><td>0</td><td>local 0</td><td>←LCL</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>267</td><td>200</td><td>local 1</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>268</td><td>40</td><td>local 2</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>269</td><td>6</td><td>local 3</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>270</td><td>0</td><td>local 4</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>271</td><td>135</td><td>Return value</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>272</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←SP</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td><td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">Before Sys.main() return</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>272</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>266</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>261</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>4001</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>5001</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="framet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="frame"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>261</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>262</td><td>261</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>263</td><td>256</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.main</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>264</td><td>4000</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>265</td><td>5000</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>266</td><td>0</td><td>local 0</td><td>←LCL</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>267</td><td>200</td><td>local 1</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>268</td><td>40</td><td>local 2</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>269</td><td>6</td><td>local 3</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>270</td><td>0</td><td>local 4</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>271</td><td>246</td><td>Return value</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>272</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←SP</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td><td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">After Sys.main() return</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>262</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>261</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>256</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>4000</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>5000</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>261</td><td>246</td><td>Return value</td><td>←LCL</td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>262</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←SP</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td><td>
+ <table class="stack">
+ <tr><th colspan="4">In Sys.init() halt loop</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><th colspan="4">Pointers</th></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>0</td><td>261</td><td>SP</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>1</td><td>261</td><td>LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>2</td><td>256</td><td>ARG</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>3</td><td>4000</td><td>THIS</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="reg"><td>4</td><td>5000</td><td>THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="stack"><th colspan="4">Stack</th></tr>
+ <tr class="bframet"><td>256</td><td>*</td><td>Return IP</td><td>←ARG</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>257</td><td>-1</td><td>Saved LCL</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>258</td><td>-2</td><td>Saved ARG</td><td class="fid">Sys.init</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframe"><td>259</td><td>-3</td><td>Saved THIS</td><td class="fid"> frame</td></tr>
+ <tr class="bframeb"><td>260</td><td>-4</td><td>Saved THAT</td><td></td></tr>
+ <tr class="tos"><td>261</td><td>???</td><td></td><td>←LCL, SP</td></tr>
+ </table>
+ </td>
+</tr></table>
+
+</body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallVME.tst b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallVME.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c689b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCallVME.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Test file for NestedCall test.
+
+load Sys.vm,
+output-file NestedCall.out,
+compare-to NestedCall.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[1]%D1.6.1 RAM[2]%D1.6.1 RAM[3]%D1.6.1 RAM[4]%D1.6.1 RAM[5]%D1.6.1 RAM[6]%D1.6.1;
+
+set RAM[0] 261,
+set RAM[1] 261,
+set RAM[2] 256,
+set RAM[3] -3,
+set RAM[4] -4,
+set RAM[5] -1, // test results
+set RAM[6] -1,
+set RAM[256] 1234, // fake stack frame from call Sys.init
+set RAM[257] -1,
+set RAM[258] -2,
+set RAM[259] -3,
+set RAM[260] -4,
+
+set RAM[261] -1, // Initialize stack to check for local segment
+set RAM[262] -1, // being cleared to zero.
+set RAM[263] -1,
+set RAM[264] -1,
+set RAM[265] -1,
+set RAM[266] -1,
+set RAM[267] -1,
+set RAM[268] -1,
+set RAM[269] -1,
+set RAM[270] -1,
+set RAM[271] -1,
+set RAM[272] -1,
+set RAM[273] -1,
+set RAM[274] -1,
+set RAM[275] -1,
+set RAM[276] -1,
+set RAM[277] -1,
+set RAM[278] -1,
+set RAM[279] -1,
+set RAM[280] -1,
+set RAM[281] -1,
+set RAM[282] -1,
+set RAM[283] -1,
+set RAM[284] -1,
+set RAM[285] -1,
+set RAM[286] -1,
+set RAM[287] -1,
+set RAM[288] -1,
+set RAM[289] -1,
+set RAM[290] -1,
+set RAM[291] -1,
+set RAM[292] -1,
+set RAM[293] -1,
+set RAM[294] -1,
+set RAM[295] -1,
+set RAM[296] -1,
+set RAM[297] -1,
+set RAM[298] -1,
+set RAM[299] -1,
+
+set sp 261,
+set local 261,
+set argument 256,
+set this 3000,
+set that 4000;
+
+repeat 50 {
+ vmstep;
+}
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/Sys.vm b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/Sys.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b0b003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/Sys.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Sys.vm for NestedCall test.
+
+// Sys.init()
+//
+// Calls Sys.main() and stores return value in temp 1.
+// Does not return. (Enters infinite loop.)
+
+function Sys.init 0
+push constant 4000 // test THIS and THAT context save
+pop pointer 0
+push constant 5000
+pop pointer 1
+call Sys.main 0
+pop temp 1
+label LOOP
+goto LOOP
+
+// Sys.main()
+//
+// Sets locals 1, 2 and 3, leaving locals 0 and 4 unchanged to test
+// default local initialization to 0. (RAM set to -1 by test setup.)
+// Calls Sys.add12(123) and stores return value (135) in temp 0.
+// Returns local 0 + local 1 + local 2 + local 3 + local 4 (456) to confirm
+// that locals were not mangled by function call.
+
+function Sys.main 5
+push constant 4001
+pop pointer 0
+push constant 5001
+pop pointer 1
+push constant 200
+pop local 1
+push constant 40
+pop local 2
+push constant 6
+pop local 3
+push constant 123
+call Sys.add12 1
+pop temp 0
+push local 0
+push local 1
+push local 2
+push local 3
+push local 4
+add
+add
+add
+add
+return
+
+// Sys.add12(int n)
+//
+// Returns n+12.
+
+function Sys.add12 0
+push constant 4002
+pop pointer 0
+push constant 5002
+pop pointer 1
+push argument 0
+push constant 12
+add
+return
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.cmp b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.cmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3ea911
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.cmp
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| RAM[0] | RAM[1] | RAM[2] | RAM[3] | RAM[4] |RAM[310]|
+| 311 | 305 | 300 | 3010 | 4010 | 1196 |
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.tst b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7b5905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.tst
+
+load SimpleFunction.asm,
+output-file SimpleFunction.out,
+compare-to SimpleFunction.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[1]%D1.6.1 RAM[2]%D1.6.1
+ RAM[3]%D1.6.1 RAM[4]%D1.6.1 RAM[310]%D1.6.1;
+
+set RAM[0] 317,
+set RAM[1] 317,
+set RAM[2] 310,
+set RAM[3] 3000,
+set RAM[4] 4000,
+set RAM[310] 1234,
+set RAM[311] 37,
+set RAM[312] 1000,
+set RAM[313] 305,
+set RAM[314] 300,
+set RAM[315] 3010,
+set RAM[316] 4010,
+
+repeat 300 {
+ ticktock;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.vm b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d64a34f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunction.vm
+
+// Performs a simple calculation and returns the result.
+function SimpleFunction.test 2
+push local 0
+push local 1
+add
+not
+push argument 0
+add
+push argument 1
+sub
+return
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunctionVME.tst b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunctionVME.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9267ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunctionVME.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/SimpleFunction/SimpleFunctionVME.tst
+
+load SimpleFunction.vm,
+output-file SimpleFunction.out,
+compare-to SimpleFunction.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[1]%D1.6.1 RAM[2]%D1.6.1
+ RAM[3]%D1.6.1 RAM[4]%D1.6.1 RAM[310]%D1.6.1;
+
+set sp 317,
+set local 317,
+set argument 310,
+set this 3000,
+set that 4000,
+set argument[0] 1234,
+set argument[1] 37,
+set argument[2] 9,
+set argument[3] 305,
+set argument[4] 300,
+set argument[5] 3010,
+set argument[6] 4010,
+
+repeat 10 {
+ vmstep;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class1.vm b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class1.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c463537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class1.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class1.vm
+
+// Stores two supplied arguments in static[0] and static[1].
+function Class1.set 0
+push argument 0
+pop static 0
+push argument 1
+pop static 1
+push constant 0
+return
+
+// Returns static[0] - static[1].
+function Class1.get 0
+push static 0
+push static 1
+sub
+return
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class2.vm b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class2.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94f2946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class2.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Class2.vm
+
+// Stores two supplied arguments in static[0] and static[1].
+function Class2.set 0
+push argument 0
+pop static 0
+push argument 1
+pop static 1
+push constant 0
+return
+
+// Returns static[0] - static[1].
+function Class2.get 0
+push static 0
+push static 1
+sub
+return
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.cmp b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.cmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5589f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.cmp
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| RAM[0] |RAM[261]|RAM[262]|
+| 263 | -2 | 8 |
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.tst b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b9194e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTest.tst
+
+load StaticsTest.asm,
+output-file StaticsTest.out,
+compare-to StaticsTest.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[261]%D1.6.1 RAM[262]%D1.6.1;
+
+set RAM[0] 256,
+
+repeat 2500 {
+ ticktock;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTestVME.tst b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTestVME.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..130ba66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTestVME.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/StaticsTestVME.tst
+
+load, // loads all the VM files from the current directory.
+output-file StaticsTest.out,
+compare-to StaticsTest.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[261]%D1.6.1 RAM[262]%D1.6.1;
+
+set sp 261,
+
+repeat 36 {
+ vmstep;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Sys.vm b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Sys.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3708322
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Sys.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/FunctionCalls/StaticsTest/Sys.vm
+
+// Tests that different functions, stored in two different
+// class files, manipulate the static segment correctly.
+function Sys.init 0
+push constant 6
+push constant 8
+call Class1.set 2
+pop temp 0 // Dumps the return value
+push constant 23
+push constant 15
+call Class2.set 2
+pop temp 0 // Dumps the return value
+call Class1.get 0
+call Class2.get 0
+label WHILE
+goto WHILE
diff --git a/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.cmp b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.cmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00d35d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.cmp
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| RAM[0] |RAM[256]|
+| 257 | 6 |
diff --git a/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.tst b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50ca118
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.tst
+
+load BasicLoop.asm,
+output-file BasicLoop.out,
+compare-to BasicLoop.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[256]%D1.6.1;
+
+set RAM[0] 256,
+set RAM[1] 300,
+set RAM[2] 400,
+set RAM[400] 3,
+
+repeat 600 {
+ ticktock;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.vm b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d63f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoop.vm
+
+// Computes the sum 1 + 2 + ... + argument[0] and pushes the
+// result onto the stack. Argument[0] is initialized by the test
+// script before this code starts running.
+push constant 0
+pop local 0 // initializes sum = 0
+label LOOP_START
+push argument 0
+push local 0
+add
+pop local 0 // sum = sum + counter
+push argument 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop argument 0 // counter--
+push argument 0
+if-goto LOOP_START // If counter > 0, goto LOOP_START
+push local 0
diff --git a/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoopVME.tst b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoopVME.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..237fdff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoopVME.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/ProgramFlow/BasicLoop/BasicLoopVME.tst
+
+load BasicLoop.vm,
+output-file BasicLoop.out,
+compare-to BasicLoop.cmp,
+output-list RAM[0]%D1.6.1 RAM[256]%D1.6.1;
+
+set sp 256,
+set local 300,
+set argument 400,
+set argument[0] 3,
+
+repeat 33 {
+ vmstep;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.cmp b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.cmp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c262a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.cmp
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+|RAM[3000]|RAM[3001]|RAM[3002]|RAM[3003]|RAM[3004]|RAM[3005]|
+| 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
diff --git a/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.tst b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07df2b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.tst
+
+load FibonacciSeries.asm,
+output-file FibonacciSeries.out,
+compare-to FibonacciSeries.cmp,
+output-list RAM[3000]%D1.6.2 RAM[3001]%D1.6.2 RAM[3002]%D1.6.2
+ RAM[3003]%D1.6.2 RAM[3004]%D1.6.2 RAM[3005]%D1.6.2;
+
+set RAM[0] 256,
+set RAM[1] 300,
+set RAM[2] 400,
+set RAM[400] 6,
+set RAM[401] 3000,
+
+repeat 1100 {
+ ticktock;
+}
+
+output;
diff --git a/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.vm b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.vm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a643b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.vm
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeries.vm
+
+// Puts the first argument[0] elements of the Fibonacci series
+// in the memory, starting in the address given in argument[1].
+// Argument[0] and argument[1] are initialized by the test script
+// before this code starts running.
+
+push argument 1
+pop pointer 1 // that = argument[1]
+
+push constant 0
+pop that 0 // first element in the series = 0
+push constant 1
+pop that 1 // second element in the series = 1
+
+push argument 0
+push constant 2
+sub
+pop argument 0 // num_of_elements -= 2 (first 2 elements are set)
+
+label MAIN_LOOP_START
+
+push argument 0
+if-goto COMPUTE_ELEMENT // if num_of_elements > 0, goto COMPUTE_ELEMENT
+goto END_PROGRAM // otherwise, goto END_PROGRAM
+
+label COMPUTE_ELEMENT
+
+push that 0
+push that 1
+add
+pop that 2 // that[2] = that[0] + that[1]
+
+push pointer 1
+push constant 1
+add
+pop pointer 1 // that += 1
+
+push argument 0
+push constant 1
+sub
+pop argument 0 // num_of_elements--
+
+goto MAIN_LOOP_START
+
+label END_PROGRAM
diff --git a/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeriesVME.tst b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeriesVME.tst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..243f31b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeriesVME.tst
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+// This file is part of www.nand2tetris.org
+// and the book "The Elements of Computing Systems"
+// by Nisan and Schocken, MIT Press.
+// File name: projects/08/ProgramFlow/FibonacciSeries/FibonacciSeriesVME.tst
+
+load FibonacciSeries.vm,
+output-file FibonacciSeries.out,
+compare-to FibonacciSeries.cmp,
+output-list RAM[3000]%D1.6.2 RAM[3001]%D1.6.2 RAM[3002]%D1.6.2
+ RAM[3003]%D1.6.2 RAM[3004]%D1.6.2 RAM[3005]%D1.6.2;
+
+set sp 256,
+set local 300,
+set argument 400,
+set argument[0] 6,
+set argument[1] 3000,
+
+repeat 73 {
+ vmstep;
+}
+
+output;
--
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