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| author | Yuchen Pei <me@ypei.me> | 2018-01-20 15:41:49 +0100 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Yuchen Pei <me@ypei.me> | 2018-01-20 15:41:49 +0100 |
| commit | d3a0cc3a8ba6dfeb64d3faeffdeb6845b60e5840 (patch) | |
| tree | d58df9ec2480e2a9ec6240f9c797f83d1a0b1056 /projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html | |
| parent | 3571f998b28fbc8d9250ba04c983935f10a16c15 (diff) | |
rearranged the dir for github
- removed tools and pdfs
- rearranged the projects dirs
- added md files
- other minor changes
Diffstat (limited to 'projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html | 196 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 196 deletions
diff --git a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html b/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html deleted file mode 100644 index 0821f9c..0000000 --- a/projects/08/FunctionCalls/NestedCall/NestedCall.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,196 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> -<head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> - <title>NestedCall.tst — Nand2Tetris Calling Convention Test</title> - <style type="text/css"> - .code {font-family:"Courier New", Courier, monospace; font-size:90%;} - pre {margin-left:2em;} - </style> -</head> -<body> -<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --> -<h3>Synopsis</h3> -<b>NestedCall.tst</b> is an intermediate test (in terms of complexity) intended to be used between the SimpleFunction and -FibonacciElement tests. It may be useful when SimpleFunction passes but FibonacciElement fails or crashes. NestedCall also -tests several requirements of the Function Calling Protocol that are not verified by the other -supplied tests. NestedCall can be used with or without the VM bootstrap code. -<p> -<b>NestedCallVME.tst</b> runs the same test on the VM Emulator. -<p> -<b>The NestedCall</b> tests and supporting documentation were written by Mark Armbrust. - -<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --> -<h3>Test Structure</h3> -<h4>Startup</h4> -NestedCall is implemented entirely within the Sys.vm file. The first function in Sys.vm is -Sys.init(). This allows it to be used before the bootstrap code has been added to the VM Translator -since there will be no file processing order issues. -<p> -NestedCall loads Sys.asm, sets up the stack to simulate the bootstrap's call to Sys.init(), then -begins execution at the beginning of Sys.asm. If the bootstrap is not present, the program begins -running with Sys.init() since it is the first function in Sys.vm. -<p> -If Sys.asm includes the bootstrap, the bootstrap will (re)initialize the stack and call Sys.init(), -so the test should see the same environment either way it gets to Sys.init(). -<p> -The test setup also initializes the - -<h4>Sys.init()</h4> - -<span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> are set to known values so that context save and restore can be tested. -<p> -Sys.init() calls Sys.main() and stores the return value in <span class="code">temp 1</span>. This tests call to and -return from a function with no arguments. - -<h4>Sys.main()</h4> -Sys.init() allocates 5 local variables. It sets <span class="code">local 1</span>, <span class="code">local 2</span> and -<span class="code">local 3</span>. <span class="code">local 0</span> and <span class="code">local 4</span> are intentionally not set. -<p> -<span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> are changed so that context save and restore can be tested. -<p> -Sys.main() calls Sys.add12(123) and stores the return value in <span class="code">temp 0</span>. This tests call to and -return from a function with arguments. -<p> -After Sys.add12() returns, Sys.main() sums <span class="code">local 0</span> through <span class="code">local 4</span> and returns the -result. This tests that the local segment was properly allocated on the stack and that the local -variables were not overwritten by the call to Sys.main(). It also tests that <span class="code">local 0</span> and -<span class="code">local 4</span> were properly initialized to 0. - -<h4>Sys.add12()</h4> - -<span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> are set to known values so that context save and restore can be tested. -<p> -Returns <span class="code">argument 0</span> plus 12. - -<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --> -<h3>Test Coverage</h3> - -<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;"> -Functions with no arguments return to correct RIP (Return Instruction Point) with correct return value on stack.<br> -This can fail if the RIP is not correctly pushed on the stack by the calling code, or if the returning -code does not store the RIP in a temporary register before overwriting it with the return value. - -<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;"> -Functions with arguments return to correct RIP with correct return value on stack.<br> -This can fail if it is assumed that <span class="code">ARG</span> points to the RIP. - -<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;"> -Functions with local variables allocate space on the stack for the local variables.<br> -This can fail if the function prologue is not written or if the SP is not updated after zeroing -the local variables. - -<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;"> -All local variables are initialized to 0.<br> -Common errors are to forget this completely, or for the zeroing loop to be off by one. - -<p style="margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em;"> -<span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> are correctly retained across function calls. Looking ahead, in Project 9 you will be asked to write a simple computer game in the high-level Jack language. You can run your game (following compilation) on the supplied VM Emulator. But, if you choose to translate the VM code that the compiler generates using <em>your</em> VM Translator, then code like -"<span class="code">push THIS</span>, <span class="code">push THAT</span> ... <span class="code">pop THIS</span>, <span class="code">pop THAT</span>" can cause some interesting failures! - -<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --> -<h3>Debugging</h3> -These comments assume that your VM translator has passed the SimpleFunction test. -<p> -If <span class="code">RAM[0]</span> is incorrect, you have a stack skew. More data was pushed onto the stack by -<span class="code">call</span> than was popped by <span class="code">return</span>, or vice versa. See <i>debugging with -breakpoints</i> later in this section. -<p> -If one or more of <span class="code">RAM[1]</span> through <span class="code">RAM[4]</span> is incorrect, the <span class="code">LCL</span>, -<span class="code">ARG</span>, <span class="code">THIS</span> and <span class="code">THAT</span> pointers are not being correctly saved or restored. -Most likely problem is when they are being saved; the SimpleFunction test verified that -<span class="code">return</span> restored them correctly. -<p> -If <span class="code">RAM[5]</span> is incorrect there may be a problem with setting up the <span class="code">ARG</span> pointer. -<p> -If <span class="code">RAM[4]</span> is incorrect and <span class="code">RAM[5]</span> is correct, there may be a problem with -allocation or initialization of local variables. - -<h4>Debugging with breakpoints</h4> - -To find tough bugs you can use the "breakpoint" facility in the CPU Emulator (red flag button). -You can use breakpoints to have you program stop when it gets to a particular RAM address. For -example:<br> - • load the NestedCall.tst file,<br> - • set a PC breakpoint at the ROM address for <span class="code">(Sys.main)</span>,<br> - • hit the run button.<br> -When the CPU Emulator stops at the breakpoint you can inspect the RAM to check the stack and pointers values. -(If the breakpoint isn't hit, you will need to to single-step debug through -your calling code to see why it didn't get there.) -<p> -Other useful places to set breakpoints are the entry points to the other functions and at the -first and final instructions generated for <span class="code">return</span> commands. -<p> -<a href="NestedCallStack.html">NestedCallStack.html</a> shows the expected stack values at various points -during the test. - -<h4>Finding ROM address in your ASM code</h4> -It is not easy to find the ROM locations where you want to set breakpoints, because there is no -one-to-one correspondence between the ASM file line numbers and the ROM addresses. This is made even more -difficult because the supplied CPU Emulator does not display the (LABELS) in its ROM panel. -<p> -There are two things that you can do to make this easier. -<p> -<h5>Modify your assembler to generate a listing file.</h5> -A listing file shows all the ASM source lines, including comments, as well as the ROM addresses and -the values of the labels and the instructions. For example, here is a snippet of a listing file generated by an assembler written by Mark Armbrust: -<pre> - 20 16 @i // i -= 1 - 21 FC88 M=M-1 - - 22 FC10 D=M // if i > 0 - 23 6 @LOOP - 24 E301 D;JGT // goto LOOP - - 25 (STOP) - 25 25 @STOP - 26 EA87 0;JMP - -Data Symbols - - 16 D i - -Code Symbols - - 6 C LOOP - 17 C SKIP - 25 C STOP -</pre> -For the Nand2Tetris environment, it is most useful to list the ROM addresses and A-instruction -values in decimal. In the above snippet, the C-instruction values are -listed in hexadecimal. -<p> -The list file is generated during pass 2 of the Assembler, parallel to generating the .hack file. To -make it easier to handle blank and comment only lines, Mark has Parser.commandType() return -NO_COMMAND for source lines with no command. Mark also added Parser.sourceLine() that returns the -unmodified source line. -<p> -<h5>Have your VM Translator write the VM source lines as comments in the ASM output.</h5> -For example: -<pre> - // label LOOP -(Sys.init$LOOP) - // goto LOOP -@Sys.init$LOOP -0;JMP - // - // // Sys.main() - // - // // Sets locals 1, 2 and 3, leaving locals 0 and 4 unchanged to test - // // default local initialization to 0. (RAM set to -1 by test setup.) - // // Calls Sys.add12(123) and stores return value (135) in temp 0. - // // Returns local 0 + local 1 + local 2 + local 3 + local 4 (456) to confirm - // // that locals were not mangled by function call. - // - // function Sys.main 5 -(Sys.main) -@5 -D=-A -($3) -@SP -</pre> -Note that comments in the VM source become double comments. Looking ahead, in Project 11 you will be asked to write a compiler for the Jack language. If your compiler will write the Jack source lines as comments in the -generated VM files, this convention will be quite useful. - -</body> -</html>
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