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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">&quot;The carbon dioxide
                          released into the atmosphere by industry&#x27;s
                          burning of coal and oil-—more than half of it during
                          the last generation—may have changed the
                          atmosphere&#x27;s composition sufficiently to account
                          for a general warming of the world by about one degree
                          Fahrenheit.&quot;<p>&quot;Even in an airplane the
                            number of vacuum tubes now approaches or exceeds a
                            thousand. Other machines, containing up to 10,000
                            vacuum tubes, up to five times more crystals, and
                            possibly more than 100,000 cores, now operate
                            faultlessly over long periods, performing many
                            millions of regulated, preplanned actions per
                            second, with an expectation of only a few errors per
                            day or week. Many such machines have been built to
                            perform complicated scientific and engineering
                            calculations and large scale accounting and
                            logistical surveys. There is no doubt that they will
                            be used for elaborate industrial process control,
                            logistical, economic, and other
                            planning&quot;</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724657&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724657">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20724640'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="0"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724640'
                          href='vote?id=20724640&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=the-dude" class="hnuser">the-dude</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20724640">6 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724640"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="10" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724640)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">&quot;The carbon dioxide
                          released into the atmosphere by industry&#x27;s
                          burning of coal and oil-—more than half of it during
                          the last generation—may have changed the
                          at­mosphere&#x27;s composition sufficiently to account
                          for a general warming of the world by about one degree
                          Fahrenheit. &quot;<p>edit : this PDF looks like it has
                            been scanned, but the text is selectable. Not sure I
                            have seen this before.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724640&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724640">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20724763'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="40"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724763'
                          href='vote?id=20724763&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;">
                        <span class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=IceWreck" class="hnuser">IceWreck</a>
                          <span class="age">
                            <a href="item?id=20724763">5 hours ago</a>
                          </span>
                          <span id="unv_20724763"></span>
                          <span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="7" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724763)"></a>
                          <span class='storyon'></span>
                        </span>
                      </div>
                      <br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">This is done with OCR,
                          specially when digitizing things.<p>The Internet
                            Archive does this a lot. There was an old 90s book
                            that I needed but they never made an electronic
                            edition. So the internet archive, scanned and
                            digitized it with character recognition to make a
                            select-able PDF like this, as well an epub that can
                            be read on your phone like any other ebook.<p>Now
                              that book is available for anyone to borrow and
                              read. (its still copyrighted so you gotta access
                              it via their DRM controlled app&#x2F;website, but
                              that can be easily broken and its better than not
                              having access to that book at all)</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724763&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724763">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
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              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20724789'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="80"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724789'
                          href='vote?id=20724789&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=the-dude" class="hnuser">the-dude</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20724789">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724789"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="6" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724789)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">Thanks for the heads-up. Of
                          course I do know what OCR is. Just hadn&#x27;t seen it
                          combined in the wild like this.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724789&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724789">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20724935'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="120">
                    </td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724935'
                          href='vote?id=20724935&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=rayiner" class="hnuser">rayiner</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20724935">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724935"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="5" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724935)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">Acrobat has had this as a
                          built in feature forever.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724935&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724935">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20725011'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="160">
                    </td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20725011'
                          href='vote?id=20725011&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=the-dude" class="hnuser">the-dude</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20725011">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20725011"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="2" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725011)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">Didn&#x27;t know that either.
                          Makes me wonder if my browser ( PDF.js ) is doing the
                          OCR? Anybody knows?</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20725011&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320725011">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20725617'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="200">
                    </td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20725617'
                          href='vote?id=20725617&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=philipkglass"
                            class="hnuser">philipkglass</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20725617">3 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20725617"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="1"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725617)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">He means that Acrobat Pro
                          includes an OCR system that you can use to add a
                          searchable text layer to scanned documents. Readers
                          like Acrobat Reader and PDF.js do not perform OCR. You
                          won&#x27;t be able to use them to search scanned
                          documents if the document creator did not run OCR.<p>
                            Google runs its own OCR pass on scanned PDF
                            documents in order to index them better. It can be
                            annoying when you get a 50 page scanned document as
                            a search result and then find out that it
                            doesn&#x27;t include a text layer, so you need to
                            run your own OCR or skim the whole thing to find the
                            relevant parts.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20725617&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320725617">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20725206'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="160">
                    </td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20725206'
                          href='vote?id=20725206&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=agumonkey"
                            class="hnuser">agumonkey</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20725206">4 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20725206"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="1"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725206)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">True, but as parent, I
                          realized that only very recently.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20725206&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320725206">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
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            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20725003'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="160">
                    </td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20725003'
                          href='vote?id=20725003&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=alttab" class="hnuser">alttab</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20725003">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20725003"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725003)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c5a">Guy&#x27;s login is
                          &quot;the-dude,&quot; he&#x27;s been around for a
                          while.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20725003&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320725003">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20724688'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="40"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724688'
                          href='vote?id=20724688&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=leggomylibro"
                            class="hnuser">leggomylibro</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20724688">6 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20724688"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="1"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724688)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">It&#x27;s called Optical
                          Character Recognition:<p><a
                              href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Optical_character_recognition"
                              rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Optical_character_recognition</a>
                            <p>One of the few applications where ML-based image
                              recognition actually works reliably enough for
                              real-world applications; the USPS has been using
                              neural nets to read zip codes for decades.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724688&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724688">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20726063'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="40"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20726063'
                          href='vote?id=20726063&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=dinofacedude"
                            class="hnuser">dinofacedude</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20726063">2 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20726063"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="1"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20726063)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">You see it a lot in academic
                          databases</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20726063&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320726063">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20724751'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="0"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724751'
                          href='vote?id=20724751&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=damidekronik"
                            class="hnuser">damidekronik</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20724751">5 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20724751"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="20"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724751)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">&quot;Consequently, a few
                          decades hence energy may be free—just
                          like the unmetered air—with coal and oil used mainly
                          as raw materials for organic chemical synthesis, to
                          which, as experience has shown, their properties are
                          best suited.&quot;<p>I am wondering why this
                            prediction is so off given how other ones are spot
                            on? How the situation back then made John von
                            Neumann believe it, and what happened differently,
                            moving this into the realms of fantasy.<p>Perhaps if
                              an another effort of a scale of the Manhattan
                              Project had happened, the concept of the
                              &quot;free energy&quot; would have been more
                              realistic.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724751&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724751">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20724814'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="40"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724814'
                          href='vote?id=20724814&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=jaysonelliot"
                            class="hnuser">jaysonelliot</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20724814">5 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20724814"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="11"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724814)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">&quot;Too cheap to
                          meter&quot; was a common assumption about the future
                          of nuclear power when it first began. If you only look
                          at the amount of power available based on the raw
                          materials, it&#x27;s a reasonable prediction.<p>They
                            simply didn&#x27;t take into account all of the
                            associated costs and complexities that would be
                            involved with the actual nuclear power plants, not
                            to mention the political and social complications.
                            <p>That doesn&#x27;t mean such a future can never
                              happen, it&#x27;s theoretically possible.
                              We&#x27;re simply in a place right now where
                              it&#x27;s hard to imagine with our current level
                              of technology and our current energy
                              economy.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724814&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724814">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </table>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr class='athing comtr ' id='20724911'>
              <td>
                <table border='0'>
                  <tr>
                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="80"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724911'
                          href='vote?id=20724911&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=rayiner" class="hnuser">rayiner</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20724911">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724911"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="6" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724911)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">They didn’t expect that
                          government regulation would kill innovation in the
                          nuclear industry. If nuclear plants had not been
                          regulated so highly decades ago, we’d have abundant,
                          clean power today. We may have had hundreds of
                          thousands more dead from nuclear accidents, but that
                          would pale in comparison to the tens of millions saved
                          by phasing out coal earlier and pushing off climate
                          change.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
                            <font size="1">
                              <u><a
                                  href="reply?id=20724911&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724911">reply</a></u>
                            </font>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </td>
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                </table>
              </td>
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                      <center><a id='up_20724915'
                          href='vote?id=20724915&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=dragonwriter"
                            class="hnuser">dragonwriter</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20724915">5 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20724915"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="2"
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                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724915)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">&gt; They didn’t expect that
                          government regulation would kill innovation in the
                          nuclear industry. If nuclear plants had not been
                          regulated so highly decades ago, we’d have abundant,
                          clean power today.<p>The regulation is basically a
                            liability shield and subsidy, the industry wants
                            more, not less, of it to build plants.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
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                      <center><a id='up_20724947'
                          href='vote?id=20724947&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=rayiner" class="hnuser">rayiner</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20724947">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724947"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724947)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">That doesn’t mean that
                          regulation doesn’t impede innovation, e.g. by
                          eliminating the incentive to adopt safer cycles.
                          Moreover, the onerous review of reactor designs means
                          there is a high incentive to stick with older designs
                          that have already been reviewed by the government.
                          (Thats a double whammy, because it makes newer, safer
                          designs harder to deploy while reducing the incentive
                          to deploy them.)</span>
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                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=dctoedt" class="hnuser">dctoedt</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20725351">4 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20725351"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725351)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">&gt; <i>If nuclear plants had
                            not been regulated so highly decades ago, we’d have
                            abundant, clean power today. We may have had
                            hundreds of thousands more dead from nuclear
                            accidents, but that would pale in comparison to the
                            tens of millions saved by phasing out coal earlier
                            and pushing off climate change.</i>
                          <p>And if wishes were horses .... It&#x27;s hard to
                            imagine how any democratic society could have gotten
                            past the salience bias to make that happen. (Also,
                            there&#x27;s the better-the-devil-you-know
                            familiarity bias working in coal&#x27;s favor, to
                            say nothing of the political influence of voters
                            depending directly or indirectly on coal for their
                            livelihoods.)<p>EDIT: This also brought to mind the
                              trolley problem [0], with the added wrinkle that
                              it&#x27;s not possible to predict with any
                              confidence which specific persons would actually
                              be injured or killed.<p>[0] <a
                                  href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Trolley_problem"
                                  rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Trolley_problem</a>
                        </span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                      <center><a id='up_20725695'
                          href='vote?id=20725695&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
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                        </a></center>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=jodrellblank"
                            class="hnuser">jodrellblank</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20725695">3 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20725695"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="2"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725695)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00"><i>If nuclear plants had not
                            been regulated so highly decades ago, we’d have
                            abundant, clean power today.</i>
                          <p>Are African and Latin American countries with less
                            effective governments and less regulation are
                            leading the world in innovation, cheap nuclear
                            power, genetic engineering and so on?<p>A casual
                              disregard for the living and a &quot;happily ever
                              after&quot; fairy tale correlates pretty well with
                              a lot of cult and religious behaviours, and
                              associated human tragedies, but not very well with
                              actual happily ever after, I think.
                        </span>
                        <div class='reply'>
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                      <center><a id='up_20725825'
                          href='vote?id=20725825&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=rayiner" class="hnuser">rayiner</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20725825">2 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20725825"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725825)"></a> <span
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                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">Low regulation is a necessary
                          but not sufficient condition for innovation. You also
                          need the predicate technologies, precision
                          manufacturing capabilities, etc. But within the US,
                          where we have those things, loosely regulated
                          industries (like the Internet) have consistently
                          evolved faster than heavily regulated ones.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724847'
                          href='vote?id=20724847&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=damidekronik"
                            class="hnuser">damidekronik</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20724847">5 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20724847"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="1"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724847)"></a> <span
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                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">Yea, that is of my
                          understanding too. There was no need for any great
                          advance in that matter at the time. Now however, the
                          situation is different, and yet, not as pressing as
                          the global conflict back then to fund another
                          &quot;Los Alamos&quot;.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20725187'
                          href='vote?id=20725187&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=agumonkey"
                            class="hnuser">agumonkey</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20725187">4 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20725187"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="1"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725187)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">I wonder if they had the
                          &#x27;capacity paradox&#x27; in mind, where the more
                          you can have, you more you will use. In the 50s energy
                          usage were quite minuscule compared to today I
                          think.</span>
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                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724819'
                          href='vote?id=20724819&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=DanBC" class="hnuser">DanBC</a> <span
                            class="age"><a href="item?id=20724819">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724819"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="2" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724819)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">&gt; We&#x27;re simply in a
                          place right now where it&#x27;s hard to imagine with
                          our current level of technology and our current energy
                          economy.<p>...and the fact we have about 4bn more
                            people here than we did in 1960.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                    </td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20725328'
                          href='vote?id=20725328&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
                        </a></center>
                    </td>
                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=dragonwriter"
                            class="hnuser">dragonwriter</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20725328">4 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20725328"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="1"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725328)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">We have far fewer people than
                          growth rate at the time suggested; IIRC, around that
                          time growth was viewed as exponential with a doubling
                          period of ~35 years, had it continued the population
                          would be 10.74 bn now, nearly 1.5× what it.<p>So, no,
                            population (at least <i>high</i> population)
                            isn&#x27;t something that was unforeseen.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20725454'
                          href='vote?id=20725454&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=carapace" class="hnuser">carapace</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20725454">3 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20725454"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725454)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">The sequestration of atomic
                          technology (not just power) is one of the rare areas
                          where the interests of the good guys and bad guys
                          coincide.<p>Energy <i>is</i> free: we have a fusion
                            generator that runs 24&#x2F;7 with no maintenance
                            and is so powerful it can burn out your retinas from
                            150 million kilometers away.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                    <td class='ind'><img src="s.gif" height="1" width="40"></td>
                    <td valign="top" class="votelinks">
                      <center><a id='up_20724797'
                          href='vote?id=20724797&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=tim58" class="hnuser">tim58</a> <span
                            class="age"><a href="item?id=20724797">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724797"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724797)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">This was before Chernobyl,
                          and without Chernobyl the industrialized world would
                          probably be mainly on nuclear fission power by now.<p>
                            This was also at a time when nuclear fusion energy
                            was theoretically possible but before half a century
                            of research has labeled the problem &#x27;very
                            hard&#x27;.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                                  href="reply?id=20724797&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320724797">reply</a></u>
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                      <center><a id='up_20725213'
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=CamouflagedKiwi"
                            class="hnuser">CamouflagedKiwi</a> <span
                            class="age"><a href="item?id=20725213">4 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20725213"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725213)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">Sounds a bit like the Jevons
                          paradox - we improve the efficiency of energy
                          consumption, but it does not result in it being free,
                          because demand increases to counter.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                      <center><a id='up_20724994'
                          href='vote?id=20724994&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=Spooky23" class="hnuser">Spooky23</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20724994">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724994"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724994)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
                        </span></div><br>
                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">Demand increased
                          dramatically.<p>If federal mortgage rules empathized
                            solar, you’d see near free energy production in
                            residential in a decade or two.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=philipkglass"
                            class="hnuser">philipkglass</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20725247">4 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20725247"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="1"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725247)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">He made other incorrect
                          predictions in the same document. We continue to
                          (incidentally and carelessly) change the climate, but
                          have yet to achieve anything like the reliably
                          controllable weather he anticipated.<p>He also
                            incorrectly anticipated that atomic transmutation of
                            the elements would become a bigger trend than
                            chemical rearrangement of existing elements.<p>
                              &quot;It is worth emphasizing that the main trend
                              will be systematic exploration of nuclear
                              reactions — that is, the transmutation of
                              elements, or alchemy rather than chemistry.&quot;
                              <p>As for why he was mistaken about nuclear power,
                                it&#x27;s possible that he was extrapolating
                                from the fantastically rapid progress of nuclear
                                weapons technology. Fission was demonstrated in
                                1938, the first chain reaction in 1942, the
                                first fission weapon in 1945. The first megaton
                                scale thermonuclear explosion was demonstrated
                                in 1952 and serial production of thermonuclear
                                weapons began in 1954. Between 1944 and 1954 the
                                explosive power of the largest military bombs
                                went up by a factor of roughly <i>two
                                  million</i> [1] [2]. There was a 2300-fold
                                leap from Grand Slam to Little Boy (6.5 tons TNT
                                equivalent to 15 kilotons) and another
                                thousand-fold leap from Little Boy to Castle
                                Bravo (15 kilotons to 15 megatons).<p>The
                                  challenges of making useful power reactors for
                                  electricity production are much different.
                                  Civilian power reactors have to compete with
                                  other electricity sources on cost. They have
                                  to produce power for decades rather than a
                                  fraction of a second. They are expected to
                                  fully contain fission products rather than
                                  disperse them widely as fallout. Recall that
                                  at the time of this writing, 1955, no country
                                  had yet built a power reactor comparable in
                                  output to large coal or hydroelectric plants.
                                  There had only been some small demonstrations
                                  like the 2 megawatts of electricity produced
                                  by the BORAX-III reactor. The actual
                                  difficulties to be encountered at larger
                                  scales were not yet known.<p>Finally,
                                    &quot;affordable&quot; electricity was a
                                    moving target. In constant dollars, large
                                    American industrial buyers were paying 40%
                                    less per megawatt hour in 1970 than they
                                    were in 1950 [3]. Concerns about acutely
                                    hazardous air pollution were not yet
                                    widespread enough to justify a cost premium
                                    over fossil-generated power. Widespread
                                    concerns about greenhouse gas emissions were
                                    even further off.<p>[1] <a
                                        href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Grand_Slam_(bomb)"
                                        rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Grand_Slam_(bomb)</a>
                                      <p>[2] <a
                                          href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Mark_17_nuclear_bomb"
                                          rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;en.wikipedia.org&#x2F;wiki&#x2F;Mark_17_nuclear_bomb</a>
                                        <p>[3] <a
                                            href="https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.census.gov&#x2F;history&#x2F;pdf&#x2F;histstats-colonial-1970.pdf"
                                            rel="nofollow">https:&#x2F;&#x2F;www.census.gov&#x2F;history&#x2F;pdf&#x2F;histstats-colonial-1970.p...</a>
                                          - page 827</span>
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                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=n-exploit"
                            class="hnuser">n-exploit</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20725001">5 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20725001"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="3"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725001)"></a> <span
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c73">Within the U.S. - we live in
                          a profit-maximizing capitalist structure. Why would
                          any economic entity give something away for free when
                          a profit can be made?</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                                  href="reply?id=20725001&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320725001">reply</a></u>
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                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=al3xandre"
                            class="hnuser">al3xandre</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20725134">4 hours ago</a></span>
                          <span id="unv_20725134"></span><span
                            class="par"></span> <a class="togg" n="2"
                            href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725134)"></a> <span
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">Competition pushing price
                          down to a near-zero cost base? like the $1
                          microcontroller you can buy today.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                                  href="reply?id=20725134&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320725134">reply</a></u>
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                      <center><a id='up_20725272'
                          href='vote?id=20725272&amp;how=up&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363'>
                          <div class='votearrow' title='upvote'></div>
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                    <td class="default">
                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=hhh" class="hnuser">hhh</a> <span
                            class="age"><a href="item?id=20725272">4 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20725272"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20725272)"></a> <span
                            class='storyon'></span>
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">or the one cent
                          microcontroller you can buy today.</span>
                        <div class='reply'>
                          <p>
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                                  href="reply?id=20725272&amp;goto=item%3Fid%3D20724363%2320725272">reply</a></u>
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                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=hi41" class="hnuser">hi41</a> <span
                            class="age"><a href="item?id=20724835">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724835"></span><span class="par"></span>
                          <a class="togg" n="1" href="javascript:void(0)"
                            onclick="return toggle(event, 20724835)"></a> <span
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                      <div class="comment">
                        <span class="commtext c00">I remember the immortal words
                          of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. about man being able to
                          master technology and yet not have have grown
                          comparably enough in spirituality to live as
                          brothers.</span>
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                      <div style="margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:-10px;"><span
                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=aidanrocke"
                            class="hnuser">aidanrocke</a> <span class="age"><a
                              href="item?id=20724368">7 hours ago</a></span>
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                        <span class="commtext c00">For the kind of explosiveness
                          that man
                          will be able to contrive by 1980, the globe
                          is dangerously small, its political units
                          dangerously unstable.-John von Neumann</span>
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                          <a href="user?id=c3534l" class="hnuser">c3534l</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20724750">5 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20724750"></span><span class="par"></span>
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                        <span class="commtext c00">I&#x27;m not sure if there
                          ever existed a man as ahead of his time as Von
                          Neumann.</span>
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                          class="comhead">
                          <a href="user?id=carapace" class="hnuser">carapace</a>
                          <span class="age"><a href="item?id=20725525">3 hours
                              ago</a></span> <span
                            id="unv_20725525"></span><span class="par"></span>
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                        <span class="commtext c00">Da Vinci? Bucky Fuller?<p>
                            Legend has it that when Gödel presented &quot;On the
                            Completeness of the Logical Calculus&quot; von
                            Neumann threw in the towel (on Hilbert&#x27;s
                            program) on the spot.</span>
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